"I don't want that you infected me with your pessimism" simply doesn't work in English. (Well, possibly in some unusual regional dialects, but not in any form of "standard modern English.") It sounds too much like a direct translation of a Russian чтобы clause, or something.
Instead, use either of these:
"I don't want you to infect me with your pessimism."
"I don't want to be infected by ["with" is also okay in this context] your pessimism."
Note: In the active-verb construction, you can't use "by" -- only "with." But either preposition is okay in the passive construction.