When Ann told Peter the date he closed his eyes thinking ‘Oh my… It looks like I died in my time, in 2014 and my body and soul appeared somehow here in Belarus Soviet Union, in 1941.
He pinched his forearm to make sure he wasn’t dreaming and the immediate pain told him he wasn’t.
I know. Articles were invented by God in punishment for out sins

‘I must immediately go to the consulate see the consul,’
Plot:
‘I’m afraid you can’t make it there right now,’ Ann said, ‘there isn’t any transport here in the village at moment and it’s about 70 miles over 100 km to Minsk from here. You will have to wait for a truck or something passing by that can give you a lift.’
Surely, they have horses at least. No way they live there completely isolated.

Plot:
‘What about you?’ Peter asked, ‘Considering the bombers flying overhead, the border frontline is in a stone’s throw, the Germans can get here in a week or so. When will you evacuate?’
You must keep in mind that Peter KNOWS what would happen. Minsk was overrun by the Germans by June, 28th. They don't know anything yet. Considering the pre-war propaganda the oncoming war should have been swift and take place on enemy's territory.
Rephrase:
‘What about you?’ Peter asked, ‘Look at those bombers, the Germans will be here within a week! You HAVE to leave immediately!’

Always keep in mind that Peter knows what would soon happen. At least in general terms.

I will not evacuate leave at all I'm not going to leave,’ she replied with a frozen face, ‘I will stay here.’
‘Most of these people will not leave,’ Ann said, nodding at old Nikolai and his wife, ‘there are many civilians here and the authorities can’t evacuate all of them. They will have to stay here, so will their kids. I can’t leave my children.’
Не верю! (с) People are scared and worried. They don't know what to do. In the first days of the war there was total chaos, especially among the civilians (army too, by the way). Generally, many of them didn't even know what's going on. I don't think such a deadset resolve was possible on that day. Besides, the first thing people usually take care of is the safety of women and children. No matter what - there should be a Communist party commisar somewhere about to explain things. Note that the party was called ВКП(б) Всесоюзная Коммунистическая Партия большевиков, not KПСС.

There was something weird in what was going on, in this weak little woman who was going to fight till the end for herself and for a handful of kids while he, the a strong man the defender who supposed to be defending them, was just going to flee and hide behind the thick walls of the consulate
‘Foreigners, heh! And just who the hell then I am?’ he thought,
‘Why the God or whoever played this mean joke slipped me into this place?’,
Should I immediately run away now or should I stay and (try to) help these people?’
Where would he run? Back into the woods? No transport - you said this yourself. He might even consider surrendering to the Germans. They weren't at war with USA, but sill Peter had to prove he was indeed an American to them. I'd say he had no choice at this time.

‘What if my destiny is to stay here and prove something as atonement in redemption for (to redeem) my old life?’
Still, I don't quite understand what were the deadly sins he committed in his old life that he wanted to redeem himself for so badly? You should put some bigger skeletons in his closet.

These were questions without answers. Peter virtually heard the sarcastic voice in his head: ‘You were asking for challenges? There you go man’.