"gone" in this case is an adjective.

Specifically, it's the past participle of "go".

"I go."-- "I have gone." (the form used for the Perfect Tense, which involves "have/has", is the same as the Past Participle)
"The book is gone." (The adjectival use of the Past Participle)

Similar to:

сойти с ума ---- с-ума-сшедший
to go out of one's mind ---- gone out of one's mind

Past participles of English verbs usually are the same as the past tense, but a lot of words have a special form, most of the time ending in an -(e)n, as opposed to an -ed

present- past- past participle
see- saw- seen
bend- bent - bent
break- broke- broken
drive- drove- driven

I have drove 10 miles. I have driven 10 miles.

Past Participle Usages:
1. Perfect tense - I have seen.
2. Adjectival use - The man seen yesterday is still missing.
3. Predicative use - He is seen.