Well, in the first sentence I was not sure how to get on well with should be translated and put a question mark for that reason.
In the last one the verb to finish confused me.
It seems there is no general time-taking verb in Russian. Занимать/занять plays well in the most cases, especially in a formal language, but it can sound unnatural in the colloquial.
Занимать's agreement is: занимает [у кого - a person in Genitive] [сколько времени] [что - an infinitive or a verbal noun in Nominative]
For example:
Подготовка к занятиям заняла у меня два часа.
Требоваться/потребоваться is also a widely used time-taking verb. Its agreement:
потребоваться [кому - a person in Dative] [сколько времени], чтобы [a clause of intent].
What about your sentences:
1. It took me a long time to get on well with her.
There is no verbal noun from поладить. We can try the infinitive instead:
Поладить с ней заняло у меня много времени.
Grammatically OK, but I dislike it for some reason. So I prefer потребовалось:
Мне потребовалось много времени, чтобы с ней поладить.
Maybe it is because чтобы explicitly expresses the intent of a speaker.
2. The movie takes over two hours.
Фильм занимает более двух часов. - quite understandable. But фильм is not a process (not a verbal noun), so it is better to rephrase it:
Фильм длится более двух часов. - OK, but bookish.
Фильм идёт более двух часов. — sound natural.
3. It doesn't take so long to get from the bus station to my place.
Literal translation is OK: Добраться до меня от автовокзала/остановки не займёт много времени. (or: займёт не так много времени)
If you mean it is really close points, maybe a few minutes of walking, iCake's version is better: От остановки до моего дома идти не долго.
4. It always take her a lot of time to finish taking the shower.
I read it as "finishing of taking the shower takes a lot of time", that is not very clear.
If you just mean that the duration of the process (taking the shower) is long, it can be translated with a timing adverbial, no extra verb is needed:
Она всегда долго принимает душ. An imperfective принимает душ expresses here both a process (so we can apply долго to it) and an interative action (so всегда can be applied too).