Here are a few additions/corrections:

5) Он бросился в воду.
He rushed into the water

6) Он все бросал курить.
He had been trying to quit smoking (he had been trying, but it wasn't working). Maybe "he kept trying to quit smoking" would be better?

7) Бросать камешки в чей-то огород.
Idiom - To make a snide remark/to take a dig at someone

8 ) Я бросил взгляд на него.
I cast a glance at him.

9) Корабль бросил якорь.
The ship dropped anchor (no need to say "its" - whose anchor it was is understood)

14) Его бросили в тюрьму.
They threw him in jail

15) Лампа бросала свет на стол.
The lamp cast light on the table (past tense stays the same)

18 ) Войска были брошены в бой.
The forces/troops were deployed to the battle....there's gotta be a better variant than this though

19) Он бросил семью.
He abandoned his family

20) Она бросила работу.
-or- She quit her job

21) Его бросает то в жар, то в холод.
(this means he's sick, feverish - I'm not sure how to make a good translation, though.)