I'm going to give a shot at translating this.
- Frankly speaking, first I did not get what you mean by "to give a shot" until I checked it in a dictionary I knew the word "shot" of course, but with completely different meanings (e.g. to shoot - a shot)
"I'm going to make an attempt to translate this" would make more sense to me.
This is just an example for you that different languages use different idiomatic expressions, and the phrase wording can also be different.
"Говорится о времени" reads to me like "it is talking about time," but Google Translate (sorry, cheating) says "it is a question of time," which makes more sense.
"Говорится о something" (It's being talked about...) and "Речь идёт о something" (The speech is going about ...) are very frequent idiomatic expressions in Russian. Feel free to use them whenever you want do underline what's the subject of a conversation.
"You had enough time yesterday to study for the exam. = Did you have enough time yesterday...?"
I'd say the subject of the English sentence is "you,"
- certainly, yes, that's how English works,
but given the other responses in this thread I gather that the subject of the Russian sentence is actually времени? As in "Enough time to finish the exam is near you [У тебя] yesterday"?
- You're almost right! Just a minor correction: the subject here is the whole expression "достаточно времени": У меня будет достаточно времени (the underlined part is the subject). "Достаточно" requires the Genitive: literally you say "enough OF time" (compare with English "a lot OF time").
So, "времени" cannot be the subject alone, since it's Genitive. The subject should be in the Nominative: "время": У меня будет время (the underlined part is the subject).
The right-hand sides of these examples all seem to use иметь, which my text book says is "not used in the every day sense of possession [but instead] with abstract nouns in a fixed number of expressions." Given this and Throbert's reply, I gather that the use of иметь here, while technically correct, is only for demonstrative purposes here and does not represent normal Russian usage.
- Right.
"Do you have time now (to help me with my task)? = Do you have time now...?" So, just as it appears, the left side and the right side translate to roughly the same phrases in English?
- Yes.
I do not understand what имеется means here. I assume that's third person singular reflexive. Is it just a rule that "Имеется ли...?" means something like "Is there...?"
The form "имеется" (yes, it's reflexive, literally: "is had") is just another way to say "есть", but it sounds more "bookish" and less colloquial.
1. У меня есть время. = 2. У меня имеется время. = 3. Я имею время.
1 is the most natural. 2 can be also used, but it's not neutral, I'd say it would seem you "pretend to sound officially". 3 is gramatically correct, but almost never heard.
And yes, "есть" and "имеется" can also be translated as "there is":
На столе есть книга. = На столе имеется книга. = There is a book on the table.
So, when you say "У меня есть книга" you are literally saying "There is a book at me (i.e. at my possession)".
Some languages are "have-languages", others are "be-languages". English is among the former ones, Russian is among the latter ones
"Will you have free time tomorrow? I need your help. = Will you have free time tomorrow?" Throbert confirms that время is the subject on the left and ты is the subject on the left. This makes sense--I'm just going to have to keep drilling it until I can remember it!
There are many other expressions which are worded differently.
In English, you say "My name is John".
In Russian, you say "Меня зовут Джон" - roughly "(they) call me John". If you just translate the English phrase word-by-word "Моё имя - Джон", that would still be grammatically correct, but rarely used.
In English, you say "I like this book" (I - subject, book - object).
In Russian, you say "Мне нравится эта книга" (literally: This book is likable to me). Книга (book) is the subject, and мне (to me) is the object.
We have many phrases like that.
Thanks much to Lampada, it-ogo, Throbert, and everyone else whose replies I have yet to read through. These explanations are much more clear than what was in the book I'm studying from.