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Да, все это очень интересно. Спасибо большое.

Dima: тебе может еще помочь тот факт, что the произошло от that - и грамматически они чаще всего взаимозаменяемы.

Of course it is different! But not always. I feel the ancestry is there. Even in modern Russian -то can act like definitive article:

Это уже не секрет. Журнал-то они видели.

Here -то implies...

AFAIK they should be written with hyphen:

дай карандаш-то!

Старик-то etc.

A little echo of them remains even in modern Russian. Apart from defining the subject, it can reflect a touch of...

Don't forget Russian can make words joining them together, adding suffixes and prefixes - and they rarely appear in dictionaries, unless they have a new distinct meaning. Meanwhile, all these...