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I'm Russian. :)
"Orthogonal" is a mathematical term meaning that something is completely independent of something else (like X and Y axes). I've often seen this term in non-mathematical context.

That's correct. In Russian aspect is almost orthogonal (independent) to the tense, except that perfective aspect cannot be used in present tense.

What dictionary do you use? I'm sure ABBYY Lingvo (and its online version which I've mentioned) translates the terms correctly.
If you doubt about the translation, write it here, we'll correct it...

You can find these in any dictionary, for example here: http://slovari.yandex.ru/
noun - существительное
adjective - прилагательное
past participle - причастие прошедшего времени
dative case -...