"вот" and "вон" are a bit different as they supposed you are almost showing the location: "over there", "right here". You cannot use it on its own interchangeably.

1) "Сюда" means "(towards) here". Like in "Put iy over here", "Bring the book here": Положи его сюда. Неси книгу сюда.
2) "Здесь" means the thing is positioned "here". A static location. "Я здесь давно сижу". "Машина будет прямо здесь, у подъезда".
3) Now, for "вот"
- "Here is ..." sentences where you either hand over something or point at the fact that something/someone is right here: Вот твоя книга ~ Here is your book. Вот и он! ~ Here he comes!
- in sentences like "that's what I need": "Вот что мне нужно". "Значит, вот где он был" - "So that's where he was".
- also used as an emphatic particle sometimes:
"Ну вот, теперь всё переделывать" ~ "Great, now we must start over again and do everything from scratch"
"Вот и всё" ~ "That's all" (a standard expression; too short to have variations)
"Вот это да!" ~ more or less interchangeable with "Ничего себе" and other exclamations with meaning "Wow!"
"Вот так" - the reason you shouldn't have started digging into "вот" at this stage. Literally the combination means "that way", "in this manner". In reality it has a vast array of more emotional uses like "So that's how things got", "That's the way!", "See, like that" and so on. I suggest to focus on more basic things as of now.