Вставлю свои пять копеек, как я понимаю эти фразы (This is how I try to explain the phrazes):
1) Я хочу приезжать.
Sounds like weird one to me if it's used for this meaning (I want to come sometime) but it's okay if the meaning is "I want to come and continue visiting that place over and over again". e.g Я хочу приезжать к тебе по выходным (по средам, каждую неделю, каждый день, каждый год whatever) but never Я хочу приехать к тебе по выходным...
2) Я хочу приехать I want to come to the place just once (right now, in a year, in a week, in a five hours, whatever). Я хочу приехать к тебе I want to come to your place (I will come but I'm not planning to visit your place regulary)
3) Ты не можешь слушать and ты не можешь послушать They almost always mean the same (Unable to listen because you do not want to, you do not hear, you are paying attention to sth else, etc.) But if I wanted to accuse (to shame) someone of ignoring me intentionally I'd rather say Ты не можешь послушать instead of Ты не можешь слушать (In this case Ты не можешь слушать would sound as if you're stating the fact rather than you're trying to accuse (to shame, etc) someone)
4) Я должен работать and Я должен поработать They usually mean the same too but if you mean that you must do a SMALL AMOUNT of work you say Я должен поработать.
5) Я стараюсь понимать and Я стараюсь понять. Those too can mean the same as well but if I wanted to say that I'm trying too understand sth I've just heard, read, been told, etc I'd say Я стараюсь понять. And if I wanted to say that I try to understand sth on a regular basis (I watch someone closely to always understand his behavior, I listen to teacher carefully to always understand what she's trying to teach, I always renew my knowledge on a particular subject to always understand it) I'd say Я стараюсь понимать e.g Я стараюсь слушать учителя внимательно, чтобы понимать о чем она говорит. Я стараюсь понимать его речь (I always try to understand his speech when he's speaking).



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