настолько = so; so much
такие is closer to "such", I mean it comes from it. It can be an adjective or pronoun.

"Несмотря на то, что эти продукты не такие сложные..." - you can say like this, that's absolutely correct. But "такой/такие" sounds a bit colloquial, though it's just a slight nuance, so don't care about that. No one can say it's wrong or uncommon.

Yes, деталь is a part of mechanism. But it can be translated like a "nuance" or "detail", too. Деталь is a bit more specific than подробность. In general, you may consider подробность as a detail of something immaterial. Like "подробности разговора", something that contains information. That's hard to explain properly, because sometimes these words are interchangeable. So, there is no an exact rule.
Антонио изучил документы во всех подробностях/деталях.
Я не хочу вдаваться в подробности/детали, но наши дела идут плохо.
In fact, you can replace подробности with детали in these examples.
Детали sounds better in the first sentence (I mean "despite the fact that these products are not...") because the word is more specific. "Products" imply some relations between their parts, it's sort of "financial mechanism", in figurative sense. That's why детали sounds better than подробности. I hope you've got it.

You can use глубокие знания (глубокие познания в ...) as well, but it depends on context. If you mean learning, teaching, science etc, it works perfectly:
Я хочу сказать спасибо учителям, которые дали нам глубокие знания.
Антонио получил глубокие знания в школе.
Квантовая механика требует глубоких знаний математики.
Его глубокие познания в экономике принесли большой доход.
When you imply an utilitarian or practical work/situation etc, глубокие знания works not that good.

Человек, желающий выжить в конкурентном мире, должен стараться приобретать новые навыки все время . Yes, here приобретать sounds absolutely correct.
конкурентный = full of competition (as an adjective)
конкурентоспособный = having skills to compete with others

Using and understanding of the particles -ка, -то, ж/уж implies a very advanced level. The good news is that they don't change meaning of the sentence, so you can just omit them.