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Relationships between the Slavic languages
Hi! Can anyone please point me to information about how closely related the various Slavic languages are? I have read in a few places that the Eastern ones (Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian) are closely grouped, but I've also been told (by someone I trust) that this classification is worthless, that Russian is really very different from the other two, and ought by rights to be classified on its own. Is this true?
How much of a help will learning Russian be to me if I decide, at some point, to study Slovak or Bulgarian? Will it help me to understand a TV broadcast in the Czech Republic?
Also, if I delve into, for example, Old Russian, will it be like learning a completely new language? Or will it be like reading Italian for someone trained in French and Latin- a lot of it already comprehensible? (Leaving aside the question of different alphabets for the minute.)
Кстати, я просто обожаю русский язык и я надеюсь продолжать его изучать на всю жизнь. Этот вопрос мне интересен, но я никогда не буду бросать обучения русского языка. I'm not learning it because it's "useful".
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Russian is really very different from the other two, and ought by rights to be classified on its own. Is this true?
Languages are classified according to their grammars, not vocabularies. Russian is definitely an Eastern Slavic language, while vocabulary may differ since Russian borrowed many words. Belorussian and Ukrainian were languages of serfs until the XIX century. Therefore they're more archaic.
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How much of a help will learning Russian be to me if I decide, at some point, to study Slovak or Bulgarian?
Yes, it'll surely help.
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Will it help me to understand a TV broadcast in the Czech Republic?
I don't think a native Russian woulkd understand much, but with a year long practice, things would become much easier, as I was told.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Thank you, Ленивец, for your enlightening answers!
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Go to this page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages . It has a language tree that you should look at. At the bottom right of the tree are the slavic languages, and you will see that the East Slavic Languages branch out into Old Novgorod and Old East Slavic. No languages evolved from Old Novgorod but two branches evolved from Old East Slavic, Russian and Ruthenian. Then Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Rusyn evolved from the Ruthenian branch which may also be a reason Russian is a little different from the other Eastern Slavic languages. I don't know much on this matter so I don't know how true this is, but I will believe it until someone tells me otherwise.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Привет, SarochkaNZ. Когда я был аспирантом я слушал курсы по славянским языкам в т.ч. русский, болгарский, и польский. Надо было знать (если не свободно говорить) по одному языку из каждой ветви славянских языков. А также пришлось слушать курсы по старославянскому языку.
Знание русского несомненно поможет вам с изучением других славянских языков. Может быть более или менее полезным. Например чешское предложение Strč prst skrz krk! В этом предложение есть одно слово общее с русским -- прст, которое мы знаем как пёрст. А другие слова — кто знает откуда они! А вы сразу поймете болгарские «добър ден» и «български език».
The languages are so different that knowing Russian will only open the door for you to learn others. You will not understand spoken Czech or Bulgarian without further study. Bulgarian, btw, has probably more verb forms than English, and you know how Russians complain about our verbal system!
Of all the languages, the closest pair is Serbian and Croatian, which are about as close as BrEnglish and AmEnglish. Once you know Russian, you will still have a lot of work to do to learn another Slavic language. (Belorussian is closest to Russian.)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
AFAIK, Russian and Ukranian are very different, mutually unintelligible plus Ukranian has a different alphabet.
Old Russian...all I've seen is the old church writings and it's very different from today's Russian, I couldn't make heads or tails of it.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by sperk
AFAIK, Russian and Ukranian are very different, mutually unintelligible plus Ukranian has a different alphabet.
Just a few different letters. :)
In fact ability to understand the second of related languages depends strongly on the level of knowledge of the first one. When you go from language to language some rare/archaic/specific words can become common and general. Some marginal meanings of known words can become mainstream. Some unusual grammar and syntax from several set phrases can become an ABC rule. So native Russian speaker usually can have an overall idea of what the Ukrainian speech is going about, while for the foreigner, speaking Russian more-or-less, it is not so simple.
On the other hand there is a strong cumulative effect. For example knowing both Russian and Ukrainian will help you with Polish much more then knowing Russian only.
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Originally Posted by sperk
Old Russian...all I've seen is the old church writings and it's very different from today's Russian, I couldn't make heads or tails of it.
Old Church Slavonic is not really predecessor of Russian. Actually it is Old Bulgarian language. Christianity was brought to Rus from the Byzantium by ethnic Bulgarians.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by sperk
AFAIK, Russian and Ukranian are very different, mutually unintelligible plus Ukranian has a different alphabet.
The alphabet is almost the same. To me, the languages are very close. I already wrote somewhere on this forum that I tried to listen to the Ukrainian radio and understood 60-70-80% of what was spoken...
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Спасибо всем за такие интересные ответы! Я сейчас понимаю, что это настоящий подвиг, когда кто-то говорит (например) по-русски и по-польски. Я надеюсь изучать ещё один славянский язык в недалёком будущем.
Привет, Chaika! Ваш курс звучит замечательным. Был в США или в России? Можете ли Вы ещё читать по-болгарски? Этот язык почему-то мне крайне интересен.
whipback, спасибо за ссылку! Я понимаю немножко яснее сейчас.
sperk, Old Church Slavonic also seems impenetrable to me just now, but it looks glorious, doesn't it?
it-ogo, thanks for your useful and learned comments. They're oddly encouraging. By the way, would it offend you if I corrected your post a little? There are just a few articles missing from an otherwise meticulous post. У Вас прекрасный английский. (In general, because I'm new to the forum, I don't know- is it safe to assume that everyone on this forum wants correction in any language that is not their native one?)
Оля, that seems amazing to me! There is no language that a monoligual English speaker could comprehend to such an extent, I don't think.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Спасибо всем за такие интересные ответы! Я сейчас понимаю, что это настоящий подвиг, когда кто-то говорит (например) по-русски и по-польски. Я надеюсь [s:3gjo2kht]изучать[/s:3gjo2kht] выучить (preferable) / изучить ещё один славянский язык в недалёком будущем.
Привет, Chaika! [s:3gjo2kht]Ваш курс звучит замечательным[/s:3gjo2kht].
The sentence needs to be completely reworded in Russian. I suppose what you meant was "Ваш рассказ о курсах очень интересен!", or if you want to stick with "to sound" - "Ваш рассказ о курсах звучит очень интересно!"
Это было в США или в России? Можете ли Вы ещё читать по-болгарски? Этот язык почему-то мне крайне интересен.
whipback, спасибо за ссылку! Я понимаю немножко [s:3gjo2kht]яснее[/s:3gjo2kht] лучше сейчас.
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By the way, would it offend you if I corrected your post a little?
No one here would be offended by that. Quite the opposite, that's what we all Russians here dream of and crave for, but English native speakers always remain too lazy to correct our mistakes.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by it-ogo
In fact
, the ability to understand the second of related languages depends strongly on the level of knowledge of the first one. When you go from language to language
, some rare/archaic/specific (
specialist?) words can become common and general
ly-used. Some marginal meanings of known (or
familiar) words can become mainstream. Some unusual grammar and syntax from several set phrases can become an ABC rule. So a native Russian speaker
can usually (
word order) have an overall idea of what (-) Ukrainian speech
is about, while for the foreigner, speaking Russian more or less, it is not so simple.
(This is absolutely fine, but I would say say "... but for the foreigner who speaks Russian to a lesser degree, it is not so simple.)
On the other hand
, there is a strong cumulative effect. For example
, knowing both Russian and Ukrainian will help you with Polish much more
thаn knowing
only Russian.
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Originally Posted by sperk
Old Russian...all I've seen is the old church writings and it's very different from today's Russian, I couldn't make heads or tails of it.
Old Church Slavonic is not really
the predecessor of Russian.
It is actually Old Bulgarian. Christianity was brought to Rus
from Byzantium (no article with most place names) by ethnic Bulgarians.
Sorry about my clumsy attempts to use the forum software to edit this. I'll get the hang of it, я обещаю. :)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Оля, спасибо от всей души за исправления. Я очень благодарна.
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Originally Posted by Оля
No one here would be offended by that. Quite the opposite, that's what we all Russians here dream of and crave for, but English native speakers always remain too lazy to correct our mistakes.
Извините, mea culpa! Но отныне я буду строго изправлять ошибки. Вот:
No one here would be offended by that. Quite the opposite, that's what all we Russians here dream of and crave for, but native Englishspeakers always remain too lazy to correct our mistakes. (Just a couple of word order mistakes)
I'm not being fulsome in my praise, but perhaps native English speakers are too intimidated by the high standard of English of many Russian-speakers on these forums to dare offer corrections. It feels somewhat cheeky! But, of course, there's gotta be some quid pro quo. :)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Но отныне я буду строго исправлять ошибки.
Thanks for the corrections. :-)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Have you ever heard of a Swadesh list? It compares the most important vocabulary among languages of the same family. You will see how close they are.
http://learningrussian.net/vocabulary/r ... guages.php
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
In general, because I'm new to the forum, I don't know- is it safe to assume that everyone on this forum wants correction in any language that is not their native one?)
It is safe to assume but needs much patience to perform. :D
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Sorry about my clumsy attempts to use the forum software to edit this. I'll get the hang of it, я обещаю.
Thank you!
Here is a tag you can find useful: {s} {/s} (in square brackets). It is used to cancel phrases [s:jc9xm1qa]like this[/s:jc9xm1qa].
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
dream of and crave _, but
crave is transitive.
I learned Russian in the US, starting in my fourth year of high school. Simultaneously attended 4th year Spanish and 1st year Russian (well, not exactly "simultaneously" but you catch my drift I hope). My Spanish teacher remarked on how my accent had gone to the dogs once I started Russian.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
This theme is rather frequently discussed on this forum. So I'll just repost a couple of my posts here (I'm sorry for being too lazy to write a new one :oops:) :
http://masterrussian.net/mforum/view...19441&start=60
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Originally Posted by basil77
I'll try to explain my hearing of Slavic languages. Belorussian and Ukrainian are easy to understand for Russian ear. Frankly speaking these are just dialects of Russian artificially transformed into separate languages. Native Russian speaker can easily communicate with people, who speak these languages, even if they are don't speak Russian at all (that's almost impossible). Polish are MUCH harder to understand, but when hearing it, I can still understand the meaning of separate words and even phrases. Funny, but when being in Poland, I wasn't able to read street signs (almost at all), but being later in Czech Republic I could read many of street signs in Czech, but almost couldn't understand a word in Czech language. Serbian are also almost impossible to understand for my ear, althogh I didn't hear Serbian in real life, only on TV and so. :dunno:
http://masterrussian.net/mforum/view...p?f=32&t=19919
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Originally Posted by Johanna
Ukrainian is almost not understandable to Russians, is it?
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Originally Posted by basil77
I wouldn't say so. It's hard to understand when it's spoken too fast as many Ukrainians speak. When I came to Ukraine (to Ukrainian speaking region) for the first time I had to ask almost everyone to repeat that they said and had a very embarassing feeling like I'm deaf or something. But when they repeated a phrase slowly (in Ukrainian of course) I started to understand almost everything. And now after ten years I visit Ukraine regulary, since I married Ukrainian girl, I can perfectly understad Ukrainian, I watch Ukrainian TV and understand everything without any troubles. I can even speak Ukrainian now but Ukrainians say I have a terrible Russian (they call it "Moskalsky" actually) accent. :D
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Masterrussian (Господин Русский? :D), огромное спасибо за ссылку! "Swadesh list" совсем новое мне. Интересно! Я читала с удовольствием. Я должна сказать, что русская письменность - самая красивая. Может, это из-за того, что только русский из славянских языков мне (немножко) знаком, но мне кажется странно и даже неприятно увидеть славянские слова на латинском алфавите.
it-ogo, спасибо! [s:1btc24qv]Вот моя новая игрушка.[/s:1btc24qv] :D By the way, it's better to say, "Here is a tag you may find useful."
Chaika, thanks for your answer! How fortunate you were to have the option of Russian at high school (it has much more cachet than the standard French / German / Spanish choice)! I'm trying to learn Italian (well, dabbling very lazily in it) and can't seem to stop making all the vowels soft now that I'm surrounded by glorious Russian vowels. It's a real problem. By the way, we can say "to crave for something," at least in New Zealand. Maybe Оля was simply speaking excellent New Zealand English. :)
Finally, Basil77, спасибо за ваш интересный ответ! Я его исправлю немного отдельно.
Кстати, как будет "That's fascinating" на русском? Для меня, это скучно всегда писать "интересно." Варианты есть?
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
"Swadesh list" - это что-то совсем новое [s:2wikpakw]мне[/s:2wikpakw] для меня. Интересно! Я читала с удовольствием. Я должна сказать, что русская письменность - самая красивая. Может, это из-за того, что только русский из славянских языков мне (немножко) знаком, но мне кажется странным и даже неприятным [s:2wikpakw]у[/s:2wikpakw]видеть славянские слова, [s:2wikpakw]на латинском алфавите[/s:2wikpakw] написанные латиницей (or латинскими буквами).
Finally, Basil77, спасибо за ваш интересный ответ! Я его исправлю немного [s:2wikpakw]отдельно[/s:2wikpakw] в отдельном посте.
Кстати, как будет "That's fascinating" на русском? [s:2wikpakw]Для меня_(no comma) это[/s:2wikpakw] Мне скучно всегда писать "интересно". Варианты есть?
Есть, но сильно зависят от контекста.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by Basil77
I'll try to explain [s:36u3adnj]my hearing of Slavic languages[/s:36u3adnj] how Slavic languages sound to me. Belorussian and Ukrainian are easy [s:36u3adnj]to understand for Russian ear[/s:36u3adnj] for the Russian ear to understand. Frankly speaking, these are just dialects of Russian artificially transformed into separate languages. Any native Russian speaker can easily communicate with people _ who speak these languages, even if they [s:36u3adnj]are[/s:36u3adnj] don't speak Russian at all (that's almost impossible). Polish [s:36u3adnj]are[/s:36u3adnj] is MUCH harder to understand, but when hearing it, I can still understand the meaning of separate words and even phrases. Funny, but when [s:36u3adnj]being[/s:36u3adnj] I was in Poland, I wasn't able to read street signs (almost at all) (not wrong, but I'd rewrite this as "I was hardly able to read street signs at all"), but [s:36u3adnj]being[/s:36u3adnj] when I was later in the Czech Republic I could read many of the street signs in Czech, but [s:36u3adnj]almost couldn't understand a word in Czech language[/s:36u3adnj] could understand barely / hardly a single word of Czech OR of the Czech language.
Serbian [s:36u3adnj]are[/s:36u3adnj]is also almost impossible [s:36u3adnj]to understand for my ear[/s:36u3adnj] (word order: for my ear to understand / to pick up), although I didn't hear Serbian in real life, only on TV [s:36u3adnj]and so[/s:36u3adnj]. (We only use "and so on" after a list of at least two items, I think.)
--
I wouldn't say so. It's hard to understand when it's spoken too fast, as many Ukrainians speak. When I [s:36u3adnj]came[/s:36u3adnj] went (unless you were in Ukraine when you wrote this post) to Ukraine (to a Ukrainian speaking region) for the first time, I had to ask almost everyone to repeat that they said and had a very embarrassing feeling like I'm deaf or something (not wrong, but I'd write "and I felt very embarrassed / uncomfortable, as though I were deaf or something." But your "like" is deliciously colloquial. :D ).
But when they repeated a phrase slowly (in Ukrainian of course), I started to understand almost everything. And now after ten years I visit Ukraine regulary, since I married to a Ukrainian girl, I can perfectly understand Ukrainian, I watch Ukrainian TV and understand everything without any troubles. I can even speak Ukrainian now, but Ukrainians say I have a terrible Russian (they call it "Moskalsky" actually) accent. :D
Hope that helps!
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Оля, a heart-felt thank you for the corrections!
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Originally Posted by Оля
Есть, но сильно зависят от контекста.
Хмм. Я чуть не отвечала "интересно." :-)
Какие наречие можно использовать со словом "интересно"? In English, of course, we say "That's highly interesting" or that's "extremely interesting." Perhaps, "That's terribly interesting" (especially if said in a monotone to imply the opposite.) Можно сказать "Это жутко интересно"?
I don't know why we say "That's highly interesting" but "I'm deeply interested in.." and we can't really switch the adverbs (at least, it sounds odd to me if I do). :unknown:
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Хмм. Я чуть не ответила "интересно." :-)
Какие наречие можно использовать со словом "интересно"? In English, of course, we say "That's highly interesting" or that's "extremely interesting." Perhaps, "That's terribly interesting" (especially if said in a monotone to imply the opposite.) Можно сказать "Это жутко интересно"?
ДА! Можно сказать и "ужасно", и "жутко", and the latter one would sound very natural.
Also: "очень интересно". ;)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by Basil77
Ukrainians say I have a terrible Russian (they call it "Moskalsky" actually) accent. :D
Busted! :D So there ARE accents in Russian then?!!! :shock: I had almost starting to "believe the impossible" - that there really are no dialects in Russian... After all this? http://masterrussian.net/mforum/view...hp?f=6&t=19198
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
How fortunate you were to have the option of Russian at high school (it has much more cachet than the standard French / German / Spanish choice)!
Yeah same here, at my school it was the quirky / cool / intellectual choice :roll: ; but people knew it was twice as hard as any other language, so the class was a bit smaller. We had to pick two of these four, in addition to English ESL.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by Johanna
So there ARE accents in Russian then?!!! :shock:
Basil77 meant he's been told that he spoke in Ukrainian with Russian accent.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Oh, ok..
Actually, how do people know which language to speak to strangers in Ukraine? Is there controversy around this, or are people relaxed about it?
Someone I know travelled to Kiev a year or so ago to write a story about something to do with education there (she's a journalist who specialises in education) She said that most public info was in Ukrainian only, plus street signs, so the map that she had brought was useless. But in contrast, she thought that most people were speaking Russian and not Ukrainian in Kiev.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Hope that helps!
Thanks a lot! :)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by Johanna
Actually, how do people know which language to speak to strangers in Ukraine? Is there controversy around this, or are people relaxed about it?
If you travel there, you can adress to people in Russian without doubts - everyone will understand you. The only regions there Russian isn't too favorable are a few western ones - в основном Львовская, Ивано-франковская и ещё парочка областей, так называемая Галиция, входившая до революции в состав Австро-Венгрии. These are Rusophobic regions, but you can still use Russian there, since they don't like only native speakers. Even in these regions Russian is understood almost by everyone.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Какие наречия можно использовать со словом "интересно"?
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Оля и Евгений, спасибо!
Я считаю, что украинский язык - приятный. Но жаль, что у него буквы "ы" нет. Прекрасный звук, по-моему, и один из многих причин, почему русский мне нравится.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by Basil77
If you travel there, you can address [s:2x9yi1z0]to[/s:2x9yi1z0] people in Russian without [s:2x9yi1z0]doubts[/s:2x9yi1z0] a problem - everyone will understand you. The only regions [s:2x9yi1z0]there[/s:2x9yi1z0] where Russian isn't too [s:2x9yi1z0]favorable[/s:2x9yi1z0] in favour are a few western ones - в основном Львовская, Ивано-франковская и ещё парочка областей, так называемая Галиция, входившая до революции в состав Австро-Венгрии. These are Russophobic regions, but you can still use Russian there, since they [s:2x9yi1z0]don't like[/s:2x9yi1z0] dislike only native Russian speakers. Even in these regions, Russian is understood [s:2x9yi1z0]almost by[/s:2x9yi1z0] by almost everyone.
PS. There's no logic to my choice of colours, expect for the fact that I'm feeling quite purple today.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Я считаю, что украинский язык [s:30p2ta53]- приятный[/s:30p2ta53] звучит приятно. Но жаль, что у него буквы "ы" нет. Прекрасный звук, по-моему, и это одна из многих причин, почему русский мне нравится.
Буквы "ы" нету, а вот звук "ы" вроде как есть (ну или очень похожий на него): viewtopic.php?f=41&t=16311
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Сарочка, благодарю за исправления! :)
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Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Я считаю, что украинский язык - довольно приятный. Но жаль, что у него буквы "ы" нет. Прекрасный звук, по-моему, и это одна из многих причин, почему _ мне нравится русский.
Буквы нет, а звук есть. Причём они гораздо чаже им пользуются. Когда я слышу украинскую речь, у меня наоборот создаётся впечатление, что они "ыкают" :) .
русское "ы" = украинское "и"
русское "и" = украинское "i"
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Спасибо огромное и за изправления (ой, какие глупые ошибки...) и за приятую новость про украинскые звуки. :-) Я скачаю украинский подкаст (есть такой в интернете?) и послушаю внимательно. Кстати, можно сказать "послушаю тщательно," или нет? В моём словаре, оба варианты числяться для английского слова "carefully."
Мне страшно нравится песни Софии Ротару, и она иногда поёт на украинском. Её произношение звучит красиво. Конечно, я не знаю, поет ли она c хорошим украинским акцентом.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
1. украинскые - это специально?
2. "послушаю тщательно" - я так не думаю. Тщательно - по отношению к физическому труду.
3. оба варианта числят_ся для английского слова "carefully."
Вообще лучше: для английского слова "carefully" числятся оба варианта., but:
4. Слово "числиться" означает:
- 1. Присутствовать "номинально", безо всякой пользы, лишь бы быть в списках.
- 2. X числится за Y(human/organization) = "Y несёт ответственность за сохранность X",
5. Мне страшно нравятся песни. And "страшно нравиться" sounds bad for me. I would use "ужасно нравятся".
6. Её произношение звучит красиво. Native Russian wouldn't say that. They would say something like: "она красиво поёт".
вообще слово "звучит" очень редко используется в русском языке, может быть только для музыкальных инструментов.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Quote:
Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Спасибо огромное и за изправления (ой, какие глупые ошибки...), и за приятную новость про украинские звуки. :-) Я скачаю украинский подкаст(?) (есть такой в интернете?) и послушаю внимательно. Кстати, можно сказать "послушаю тщательно," или нет? (можно :) ) В моём словаре_ оба варианты числят_ся (лучше приводятся как перевод) для английского слова "carefully."
Мне страшно нравятся песни Софии Ротару, и она иногда поёт на украинском. Её произношение звучит красиво. Конечно, я не знаю (лучше не уверена), поет ли она c хорошим украинским акцентом. (по мне, так нормално поёт, но лучше у аборигенов спросить)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Quote:
Originally Posted by SarochkaNZ
Спасибо огромное и за исправления
оба варианта
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Quote:
Originally Posted by Basil77
Буквы нет, а звук есть. Причём они гораздо чаже им пользуются. Когда я слышу украинскую речь, у меня наоборот создаётся впечатление, что они "ыкают" :) .
У меня тоже создаётся впечатление, что в украинском намного чаще встречаются звуки "ы" и "э", чем в русском. Именно поэтому мне украинский не кажется таким уж мелодичным - на мой взгляд это не самые красивые звуки. :)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Хехе,
[quote name=Basil77]по мне, так нормално поёт[/quote]
*Правильный вариант - намана *) .
* По поводу числиться - в русском языке есть хорошее универсальное слово "есть", почему бы не использовать его?
* Теперь по поводу "тщательно".
Тщательно means "to do something very hmm...thoroughly :-D (without leaving anything undone or skipping anything)".
As examples work usually better, here they are:
Тщательно обработайте рану перед наложением повязки
Тщательно мойте руки перед едой
Тщательно обдумайте моё предложение (yeah, I was wrong, I give up, that's not only about physical things:-D)
Тщательно продумайте свой ответ
Тщательно взвесьте все "за" и "против" при принятии решения
Тщательно прослушать... hmm fifty/fifty. I dunno really.
Everyone's welcome to speak out, too.
Quote:
ой, какие глупые ошибки...
There is only one word in Russian, which is very hard to make a mistake in. Я. ;-)
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Quote:
Originally Posted by sperk
AFAIK, Russian and Ukranian are very different, mutually unintelligible plus Ukranian has a different alphabet.
Old Russian...all I've seen is the old church writings and it's very different from today's Russian, I couldn't make heads or tails of it.
Russian and Ukranian are to some degree mutually intelligible.The alphabet is almost identical with some minor differences.There are additional letters and the pronouciation is different in some ocassions.You could say that Ukranian is Russian as it is spoken in southern rural Russia with heavy influences of Polish on the vocabulary.
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Re: Relationships between the Slavic languages
Quote:
Originally Posted by 1qaz2wsx
Quote:
Originally Posted by sperk
AFAIK, Russian and Ukranian are very different, mutually unintelligible plus Ukranian has a different alphabet.
Old Russian...all I've seen is the old church writings and it's very different from today's Russian, I couldn't make heads or tails of it.
Russian and Ukranian are to some degree mutually intelligible.The alphabet is almost identical with some minor differences.There are additional letters and the pronouciation is different in some ocassions.You could say that Ukranian is Russian as it is spoken in southern rural Russia with heavy influences of Polish on the vocabulary.
At least that is the impression that I got of these two languages.
Natives' help needed here.