Как употребляется это слово? Например, как сказать "учиться в аспирантуре", "поступить в аспирантуру"?
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Как употребляется это слово? Например, как сказать "учиться в аспирантуре", "поступить в аспирантуру"?
Строго говоря, нет такого понятия. Если проводить параллели "по-честному", то поначалу будет более-менее определенно:
primary school - начальная школа
secondary school - средняя школа
high school, colledge - страшие классы средней школы
university: Masters - институт, университет (5-6 лет)
дальше идет PhD - формально, это и есть аспирантура, но аналогия не полная. Только PhD by Research еще можно назвать аспирантурой. Степень более или менее соответствует к.н. (к.т.н.) По стилю же работы больше всего на аспирантуру походит postdoctorate, postdoc.
Вводит в заблуждение и то, что в британской системе undergraduate students (т.е. именно студенты по-нашему) - это только 4 года, до Bachelor. A дальше, что Masters, что PhD - все postgraduate (am. graduate) students, что тоже иногда переводят как "аспирант". В реальности даже PhD несколько не дотягивает до аспирантуры, не говоря уж о Masters.
Фактически специального названия для аспирантов вроде бы нет. Я, например, говорю: PhD student or Research student or Postgrad student. Самой аспирантуры, как таковой, тоже нет. Есть просто соответствующие программы (курсы) в рамках университета.
Большое Вам спасибо. А у меня собственно вопрос именно по грамматике. То есть мне надо сказать "Он учится в аспирантуре", "Я собираюсь поступать в аспирантуру". Как это можно сказать?
Извините, я думаю что я не могу объяснять по-русски: по-этому по-английски:
In Britain for science subjects (all I know about). You study for 3 years or 4 years for a "degree". At this time you are called an "undergraduate". At the end of the 3 years you get a "Bachelor of Science" degree, if you study for 4 years you get a "Master in Science" degree. These are "general" degrees, covering the whole of one subject (such as physics). They are taught mostly by lectures and guided laboratory work.
After this if you get a good mark in your degree, you can continue studying. Some people do a 1 year specialist degree (for example in optics) which is about 6 months of lectures and guided laboratory work, after which you do about 6 months of a more open project, usually in a laboratory at the university or in a company. You write this project up as a "dissertation". You are a "postgraduate" or "masters student" and you get a "Master of Science" degree.
If you have a very good "Bachelor" degree, or a good "Master in Science" or "Master of Science" degree, you can study for a "PhD", or "doctorate". Here you work for 3 years in a laboratory (or theoretical work) on a project that must "add to scientific knowledge": it is new work. At the end of this you write a "thesis". While you study you are a "postgraduate" or "PhD student".
When you finish this you often work in a company, but if you stay at university you take 2 or 3 year jobs at the university called "post doctorates", you would call yourself a "postdoc". When you have done "enough" postdocs, you may be lucky enough to get a job as a lecturer. Unlike in Germany (I don't know about Russia) there is no qualification to become a lecturer, you just apply for jobs when you think you are ready and eventually you are lucky and get one!
Once you are a lecturer there are opportunities for promotion, and I can't remember what all the people are called, but there are "Readers", "Senior lecturers" and other things. The top job is "Professor", but very few people become professors.
Он учится в аспирантуре
I think this is:
He is a postgraduate. or
His is studying for a PhD
Use the first generally, the second as part of a phrase, eg.
He is studying for a PhD in Optics.
Я собираюсь поступать в аспирантуру".
I don't think my Russian is good enough to understand the verbs here?
I am about to start my PhD ???
I am writing up my PhD ??? (=nearly finished)
wow! I have read it till the end!
Thank you! Though I didn't understand everything it seemed to me that the system rather differed from that in Russia
Да, я думаю что в каждой стране немного разное. По-этому, это очень трудно переводить такие фразы.
Do correct my Russian :P ! I wanted to say:
The education system seems to be different in every country. I have been a school pupil in England and America, and a student in England and Germany and I know all 3 countries have very different education systems. (I think there are advantages and disadvantages to each) Even England and Scotland have different systems! So you can't really translate qualifications.
This is a big problem for the European Union. Legally we can move from one country to another, but in practice companies often only want to employ people from their own country because they can't understand if the foreigner is really qualified! :evil: It is why I am studying for a PhD --- that is more commonly accepted. (i.e. with a PhD I could work in Germany; without it, it is hard).
Похоже, что единственно правильный путь — это написать просто "aspirantura" :lol: (как "перестройка" пишется "perestroyka"). Марина, а где ты изучаешь язык?
And, correct spelling is "поэтому"
Fortunately I needn't explain it to a specialist, just to a friend. I caught the idea. Thank you.
Tu, я учу английский дома. Очень комфортно :D
ОК. Да, я думаю, что в каждой стране <subj.?> немного разное. По[-]этому[, это] очень трудно переводить такие фразы.Quote:
Originally Posted by woolliamser
=>
Да, я думаю, что в каждой стране образование немного разное. Поэтому очень трудно переводить такие фразы.
Basically, Russian system is closer to German one. It has been adopted a century or two ago.Quote:
Originally Posted by woolliamser
Спасибо!
I guessed it was a little like the German system, I also guess that the German translation would be "Aspirant", but I'm afraid I'm not sure what that corresponds to exactly in English, either!
With some (a lot?) stuff from French one.Quote:
Originally Posted by Zeus