Okay. This is really difficult to interpret. I'm impressed you made progress in this work at all, being a non-native speaker.

" By reference to the almanac a large amount of territory will
be discovered upon which its rays also fell."

- I really don't know exactly what this means. He refers to an almanac, which could contain information about territories, and it mentions that the moonlight that hits the boarding house will also hit this newly discovered territory. This can't be all it is saying, but I don't have enough context to make a better answer. 'Kiss me fut,' and
I'm sure it's that long from rubberin' out the windy for ye and the
victuals cold such as there's money to buy after drinkin' up yer
wages at Gallegher's every Saturday evenin'

- "Kiss me fut" is "Kiss my foot," and it's saying that the man apologizes to trash on the street for stepping on their coats, but not to his wife, who he proverbially stomps on and won't bother to even hide his intentions by saying "Kiss my foot." The person, or it may be him himself, I can't tell, speaking is criticizing the man for being a jerk to his wife. I have no idea what "rubberin' out the windy" means, and the rest seems to be saying that the wife is miserable and leaves the "victuals cold," not bothering to make costly hot meals, so she can have the rest of the money to drink with. Again, I can't be sure, but that's my attempt. Don't beat yourself up for not getting a lot from this work, it seems quite tough.