Results 1 to 3 of 3
Like Tree6Likes
  • 4 Post By RedFox
  • 2 Post By Deborski

Thread: On Aspect of Russian Verbs

  1. #1
    Почтенный гражданин
    Join Date
    Nov 2013
    Posts
    710
    Rep Power
    29

    On Aspect of Russian Verbs

    Hello everyone.
    Aspect of Russian verbs can be tricky to understand for foreigners, so I'd like to write this short introduction into Russian aspect system. Many books and online lessons focus primarly on formal grammatical rules and lack the explanations of the internal language logic that manages all the rules to run together. I think a small overview of general ideas would be helpful.

    And of course, as my English is not pretty good, any your corrections of this article are highly welcome.

    As you probably already know, there are two aspects of Russian verbs: perfective and imperfective. Many verbs go in pairs where both verbs have the same lexical meaning, but differ in aspect (нарисовать — рисовать, спеть — петь, встать — вставать). However, there are a lot of verbs that go without pair, perfective (грянуть, зашагать, очутиться) or imperfective (спать, принадлежать, разгуливать).

    The meaning of Russian aspect are completely different from the meaning of Progressive Aspect or Perfect in English. If you try to find some mapping between usage of Russian and English aspects, you'll fail to do that. Instead, you should learn to see the world through the eyes of Russian language.

    Every verb describes some situation. What kind of situations can it be? The major division is by events and processes. And that is the same division which corresponds to perfective and imperfective aspects. All the perfective verbs are events and all the imperfective verbs are processes.

    Well, you should note the important thing: subdivision into events and processes do exist only in our mind and not related to anything in the real world. The very same situation can be viewed as an event or as a process depending on the context and intention of a speaker. Most of the situations we can think of can be viewed as either event or process, that is why many verb go in pairs. However for some situations, decribing them as events makes no sense. These situations correspond to imperfective verbs without matching perfective pair: принадлежать (to belong), иметь (to have), спать (to sleep) and so on.
    Perfective verbs without imperfective pair also exist, but that seems to be due to grammatical reasons. For example the perfective verb очутиться (to find oneself somewhere) theoretically can be transformed into imperfective очутиваться, but it sounds awfully ungrammatical. (But its very close synonym оказаться has matching imperfective оказываться, so that has nothing with lexical meaning of the word, but some internal grammatical restrictions.)

    Let's take closer look at events. From the point of view of the language, event is always something instant; event cannot have any internal structure and its actual duration is not very important. In the real world some action can take a moment or ages, but if you think it as something solid, it is an event and we use a perfective verb for it.
    Another significant feature of event is that it always involves change of some state. All perfective verbs mean "some state changed instantly", so if you don't think of state changing, you shouldn't use a perfective verb.
    For example perfective verb прочитать mean "to read something completely", so if you say you прочитали a book, it actually means you read the book completely and the state of your mind changed: now you know all the contents of the book.

    At this moment, you maybe think perfective verbs are somewhat like English Perfect. So I should explain they differ in two significant ways. First, Perfect is used only when some result of an action is still actual. On the other hand, perfective verbs do not impose such a restriction. Even if the result is already fully non-actual and out of date, we use a perfective verb just because the result was reached at some point in the past. (If a speaker need to clear if the result actual or not, he or she has to use some additional words such as adverbs, particles and so on.)
    Second, Perfect by itself does not specify what kind of result it means; depending on context (and common sense of a speaker) result may vary. But Russian perfective verbs always have concrete, specific kind of result "hard-wired" into their lexical meaning. You have to choose a proper verb from some similar verbs depending on what kind of result you mean.
    So, English Perfect is about having some result, but Russian perfective verbs are about to have concrete kind of result.

    Most common kind of perfective verbs are such those mean some action completed with specific result. However, as I said above, perfective verbs can express any kind of state change. Thus, there are a lot of perfective verbs expressing idea of something starts or begins: запеть (to start singing), закричать (to start screaming), взлететь (to take wing) and so on. Also, there are verbs that do mean state change but we cannot say they express some action started or finished. For example, such are already mentioned оказаться и очутиться, both mean "to find oneself in some new or unexpected state or location".


    [to be continued]

  2. #2
    Властелин Deborski's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jan 2012
    Location
    USA, Earth
    Posts
    1,187
    Rep Power
    14
    Quote Originally Posted by RedFox View Post
    Hello everyone.
    Aspect of Russian verbs can be tricky to understand for foreigners, so I'd like to write this short introduction into the Russian aspect system. Many books and online lessons focus primarily on formal grammatical rules and lack the explanations of the internal language logic that manages all the rules to run together. I think a small overview of general ideas would be helpful.

    And of course, as my English is not very good, any of your corrections of this article are highly welcome.

    As you probably already know, there are two aspects of Russian verbs: perfective and imperfective. Many verbs go in pairs where both verbs have the same lexical meaning, but are differ in aspect (нарисовать — рисовать, спеть — петь, встать — вставать). However, there are a lot of verbs that go without pair, perfective (грянуть, зашагать, очутиться) or imperfective (спать, принадлежать, разгуливать).

    The meaning of Russian aspects is completely different from the meaning of Progressive Aspect or Perfect in English. If you try to find some mapping between usage of Russian and English aspects, you'll fail to do that. Instead, you should learn to see the world through the eyes of Russian language.

    Every verb describes some situation. What kind of situation can it be? The major division is by events and processes. And that is the same division which corresponds to perfective and imperfective aspects. All the perfective verbs are events and all the imperfective verbs are processes.

    Well, you should note the important thing: subdivision into events and processes exists only in our mind and is not related to anything in the real world. The very same situation can be viewed as an event or as a process depending on the context and intention of a speaker. Most of the situations we can think of can be viewed as either event or process, that is why many verbs go in pairs. However for some situations, describing them as events makes no sense. These situations correspond to imperfective verbs without a matching perfective pair: принадлежать (to belong), иметь (to have), спать (to sleep) and so on.
    Perfective verbs without an imperfective pair also exist, but that seems to be due to grammatical reasons. For example the perfective verb очутиться (to find oneself somewhere) theoretically can be transformed into imperfective очутиваться, but it sounds awfully ungrammatical. (But its very close synonym оказаться has matching imperfective оказываться, so that has nothing to do with with the lexical meaning of the word, but some internal grammatical restrictions.)

    Let's take a closer look at events. From the point of view of the language, an event is always something instant; an event cannot have any internal structure and its actual duration is not very important. In the real world some action can take a moment or ages, but if you think of it as something solid, it is an event and we use a perfective verb for it.
    Another significant feature of an event is that it always involves the change of some state. All perfective verbs mean "some state changed instantly", so if you don't think of state changing, you shouldn't use a perfective verb.
    For example the perfective verb прочитать means "to read something completely", so if you say you прочитали a book, it actually means you read the book completely and the state of your mind changed: now you know all the contents of the book.

    At this moment, you maybe think perfective verbs are somewhat like English Perfect. So I should explain they differ in two significant ways. First, Perfect is used only when some result of an action is still actual. On the other hand, perfective verbs do not impose such a restriction. Even if the result is already fully non-actual and out of date, we use a perfective verb just because the result was reached at some point in the past. (If a speaker needs to be clear if the result is actual or not, he or she has to use some additional words such as adverbs, particles and so on.)
    Second, Perfect by itself does not specify what kind of result it means; depending on context (and common sense of a speaker) result may vary. But Russian perfective verbs always have a concrete, specific kind of result "hard-wired" into their lexical meaning. You have to choose a proper verb from some similar verbs depending on what kind of result you mean.
    So, English Perfect is about having some result, but Russian perfective verbs are about having concrete kind of result.

    The most common kind of perfective verbs are those which mean some action was completed with a specific result. However, as I said above, perfective verbs can express any kind of state change. Thus, there are a lot of perfective verbs expressing the idea that something starts or begins: запеть (to start singing), закричать (to start screaming), взлететь (to take wing) and so on. Also, there are verbs that do mean state change but we cannot say they express some action started or finished. For example, such kinds are already mentioned оказаться и очутиться, both mean "to find oneself in some new or unexpected state or location".


    [to be continued]
    Thank you for that helpful post. I struggle with Russian verbs. Your insight really helps me to understand it.

    And I think your English is actually very good.
    Lampada and RedFox like this.
    Вот потому, что вы говорите то, что не думаете, и думаете то, что не думаете, вот в клетках и сидите. И вообще, весь этот горький катаклизм, который я здесь наблюдаю, и Владимир Николаевич тоже…

  3. #3
    Завсегдатай it-ogo's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jan 2009
    Location
    Ukraine
    Posts
    3,048
    Rep Power
    29
    I like to say that the aspect is what exactly is more important for the speaker: the result (perfective) versus the very fact of being in process of activity (imperfective) keeping in mind that starting or completing the activity viewed as the result.

    Remember about aspects of the verbs of motion (uni(multi)directional) if you want to describe all.
    Usually I say that multidirectional verbs describe a kind of long process consisting of several tasks (dividable) while unidirectional verbs are atomic or instant. They describe an instant state of art (imperfective) or an instant event (perfective).
    "Россия для русских" - это неправильно. Остальные-то чем лучше?

Similar Threads

  1. What aspect of Russian do you struggle with the most?
    By Janalisa in forum General Discussion
    Replies: 13
    Last Post: September 21st, 2013, 11:41 PM
  2. What is the most difficult aspect of learning Russian?
    By MasterAdmin in forum General Discussion
    Replies: 41
    Last Post: February 1st, 2013, 12:21 PM
  3. Verbs question http:/masterrussian.com/verbs/nabirat_nabrat
    By Unregistered in forum MR.com Lesson Questions
    Replies: 1
    Last Post: October 7th, 2010, 11:22 AM
  4. Verbs question http:/masterrussian.com/verbs/nakhodit_nayti
    By Unregistered in forum MR.com Lesson Questions
    Replies: 1
    Last Post: September 26th, 2010, 09:24 PM
  5. What is the most difficult aspect of learning Russian?
    By MasterAdmin in forum General Discussion
    Replies: 15
    Last Post: March 1st, 2006, 12:56 AM

Posting Permissions

  • You may not post new threads
  • You may not post replies
  • You may not post attachments
  • You may not edit your posts
  •  


Russian Lessons                           

Russian Tests and Quizzes            

Russian Vocabulary