малый - little, small

"Few have enough..."

I suppose the way to explain this is that you don't say "few people know" as *малые знают, that doesn't work on multiple levels.
You could interpret it as "it is few who...."... but that is still a little strange
One way to think of it is as

(число -) мало (тех,) кто...
Small (is the number of those) who

I don't know if natives conceptualize it this way at all, but it seems to fit. However in actual use: a) there's no comma breakage, and b) word order is going to vary around the construction a lot

Есть часть бизнеса, которую мало кто понимает. - There's a part of business, which few understand. (There's a part of business, which the number of people who understand is little)
Фиш, я мало кому доверяю. - Fisch, I trust few people. (The number of people that I trust is small)
Да я вообще мало кого помню со свадьбы.
Люди нашей профессии мало с кем могут поговорить.

As far as хватать goes, the difference between "Bread is enough." and "... enough bread" is mainly drawn using word order in English. As usual, Russian deals with it structurally so as to maintain free word order:
that, *of* which there is enough - is genitive
that, which is enough (is sufficient)- is nominative (often can be impersonal/omitted)
something can be enough *for* someone - dative
and as usual, having enough uses у кого-либо constructions