In addition to Mark's suggestions, I think you could say ругать кого-нибудь ("to chew someone out; to scold someone angrily") or читать кому-нибудь нотацию (which is not unlike "to lecture someone" in the colloquial sense of "Mom, quit lecturing me!"). Thus:

My boss was on my case for being late
Начальник ругал меня за то, что я опоздал(а) на работу.
Начальник читал мне нотацию за то, что я опоздал(а) на работу.

The first would imply that your boss was quite loud about it, while the second would imply that your boss went on and on and just wouldn't drop the subject.

Incidentally, many Russian/English translation dictionaries define ругать as "to curse at, swear at, cuss out" -- but, in fact, it doesn't necessarily mean that someone used obscenities; only that the scolding was quite angry/loud. (So if a kindergarten teacher reprimands a child quietly and calmly -- "Please be nice and share the crayons with everyone else, honey" -- that's NOT "ругать".) Thus, "chew out" or "give a stern tongue-lashing" or "bitch at" would often be better translations.

P.S. However, the reflexive ругаться can imply the use of actual obscenities. Thus, "Начальник ругался" could be translated "The boss was yelling things like &%*!#@!! and *$!@#."

P.P.S. As always, get a second opinion from native speakers...