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«Получающим российские паспорта предлагают давать клятву стране»
Here is my translation: Those Receiving Russian Passports are suggested to offer an oath to the country.
But what's really confusing me is this: Who is the subject of this sentence? I can see that the participle "Receiving" is in the dative, but past that, I'm really confused. It seems very ambiguous to me.
I'd like a native Russian translation to this sentence.
It is so called неопределённо-личное предложение. Grammatically, it corresponds to English sentences with impersonal "they":
They speak four languages in Switzerland. - В Швейцарии говорят на четырёх языках.
They will sell a new model of this phone next year. - Новую модель этого телефона будут продавать в следующем году.
They are building a new bridge over the river. - Через реку строят новый мост.
As you can see, we omit "they" ("они") in these sentences in Russian, we just use a verb in third person plural.
So, literal translation is:
"Получающим российские паспорта предлагают давать клятву стране" - They offer to those who receive Russian Passports to take an oath to the country.
To those receiving russian passports (they) suggest to take an oath to the country.
The subject is they and it is omitted. English version requires a pronoun because english verbs don't fully conjugate