ooo good questions.
*Not a native*

1. сам being an adjective meaning roughly "oneself", used to stress that the noun it is applied to is purposefully and exactly the noun it ought to be referred to as.

In my opinion, самим is the instrumental here, applied to, essentially, an omitted noun. I would say understanding the quote requires a very well abstracted and deepened understanding of the instrumental case's use in general (if I am right, and it is indeed instrumental).

"To make money (by) yourself is bad." (try reading with and without the 'by') - where in Russian the word for yourself is in the instrumental to indicate that it is the tool by which the verb is carried out.

As opposed to "To make yourselves money is bad" - where the Russian would have самим in the dative, but I believe the context imposes that the quote is somewhat of a saying that one would hear said to oneself as a single person, not a member of a group [россияне](faulty argument). My other bit of evidence is that the following clauses contrast the idea of making money oneself (instrumental), but doesn't well contrast the sentence if were самим(dative). (wrong, explained above)

The whole idea being "Making money oneself is bad, (because) you only *earn* it!", not самим, а *от* кого-то

Having read the above response, dative plural seems to be able to check out on all accounts
The dative working as "It is bad *for them themselves* to make money."

2. This stems from classical т-к constructions. The idea being, one word can't play multiple roles in a sentence [a splendid idea if you ask me], such that

"Я сделаю так, как ты сказал"
Because так applies to сделаю; and как to сказал

Whereas English uses the question words (beginning in h or w generally) to act as double roles
"I'll do it how you said"

как How= in what way
так [lacking true equivalent]= in that way

~I'll do it in that way, which you said

столько, сколько

сколько - how much
столько - so much, this much

получать в виде зарплаты — столько, «сколько положено»
-------------------------------------------, сколько назначит начальство.
to receive as salary - so much, as is appropriate, as superiors appoint.

It gets translated with slightly different words, I would say, because English lacks the same pure system, so we just use the most fitting rudimentary equivalent.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/положено